The Rigors of Leadership
In the wake of violent religious extremism that plagues our world today, why are some religious leaders not expressing their opposition to bloodshed in the name of God? By turning a blind eye and silencing their voices, religious leaders tacitly give their approval to the violence鈥攂oth tarnishing their reputation as leaders and diminishing God鈥檚 presence in this world. Leadership, especially religious leadership, demands scrupulousness and accountability.
Our parashah this week, Parashat Emor, underscores this notion. The Torah reading opens by discussing the many behavioral stringencies that apply to the priesthood. As members of an elite that mediates the relationship between God and the people, the kohanim (priests) must be mindful and deliberate in their service to God. The Torah proclaims, 鈥淭he Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 鈥業nstruct Aaron and his sons to keep themselves apart (veyinazru) from the hallowed things [or JPS translation: to be scrupulous about the sacred donations] that the children of Israel consecrate to Me, lest they profane My holy name鈥� (Lev. 22:1鈥�2). As leaders of the Israelites, the priestly class is explicitly being held to a higher standard. What is the import of raising the bar so high for those who are so diligently serving God in the sacred precincts?
Guided by the Hebrew word veyinazru, translated variously as 鈥渢o separate鈥� or 鈥渢o be scrupulous,鈥� Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808鈥�1888, Germany) elaborates on the linguistic root (n-z-r):
The basic meaning of nezir definitely has the idea of exclusion from some sphere . . . the command that 鈥渢hey keep themselves apart from the hallowed things of the children of Israel鈥� accordingly, makes the demand to the kohanim that they are not to consider themselves simply unconditionally entitled to the 鈥渉oly things鈥� which are handed over to them by the people. There are times when they have to consider themselves excluded from them, to stand as strangers (zarim) towards them, and may neither deal with them for the sacrificial service nor eat them. (Hirsch Commentary on the Torah: Leviticus II, 610)
Quite beautifully, Hirsch goes far beyond the peshat, the literal meaning, of our expressionveyinazru. He connects the word not only to nezir but also to zarim (strangers). There is a time for the priests to be insiders but there is also a time when they will be outsiders or strangers. The lesson is critical. Given their elite status as leaders in the community, Torah expresses the ever-present concern that 鈥渁bsolute power corrupts absolutely.鈥� When one achieves a certain status, there is a feeling of invincibility and self-importance. Such people often feel a sense of entitlement and excessive comfort. And too often, these feelings lead to abuses of power. For a person in the role of priest, the danger becomes all the more serious. Because priests are servants to and representatives of God, their missteps will undoubtedly be projected onto God and the entire religious system. One must be ever-vigilant when serving the people in this capacity.
Vividly, one calls to mind the opening chapters of the First Book of Samuel, which relate not only the appearance of the prophet-judge Samuel, but, more importantly, gives us a sense of the chaos and corruption that led to an alternative form of rule for the Israelites. Eli, who was the High Priest at the time, oversaw a troubling and corrupt culture in the Israelite devotional site of Shiloh. Tellingly, the first book of Samuel relates,
Now Eli鈥檚 sons were scoundrels; they paid no heed to the Lord. This is how the priests used to deal with the people: when anyone brought a sacrifice, the priest鈥檚 boy would come along with a three-pronged fork while the meat was boiling, and he would thrust it into the cauldron or kettle or the great pot, or the small cooking pot, and whatever the fork brought up, the priest would take away. This was the practice at Shiloh with all the Israelites who came there . . . the sin of the young men against the Lord was very great, for the men treated the Lord鈥檚 offerings impiously. (I Sam. 2:12鈥�17)
As Rabbi David Silber points out in a brilliant and illuminating essay,
when the Torah speaks about the Priestly gifts, it is always about priests receiving gifts. It never discusses priests taking. The Talmud goes even further, explaining that the priest is not even allowed to give the appearance of taking. He is supposed to wait until after the animal is sacrificed and the incense is burned on the altar. Only then may a priest gather up his priestly portion. (鈥淭he Birth of Samuel and the Birth of Kingship,鈥� in Tanakh Companion: The Book of Samuel, 5).
David Silber gets at the heart of the matter: those with religious power must behave with moral and ethical fortitude and, above all, with derekh eretz (respectfully, or with propriety). For if religious leaders cannot be trusted to behave properly and set the tone, it is a deep, painful, and troubling setback to the aspirations of a society.
True leadership is multivalent鈥攔equiring attention to one鈥檚 internal life and external actions. This lesson is especially true for those of us in public positions of leadership. One must be consistently mindful, introspective, and self-critical. Only through placing a lens to one鈥檚 self and being conscious of one鈥檚 own flaws can one avoid the pitfall of pridefulness, and the awareness that one鈥檚 instinctive allies may also deserve critique. Being an insider requires knowing full well when you must also be an outsider. That indeed is the sacred lesson of Parashat Emor.
The publication and distribution of the 91快活林 Parashah Commentary are made possible by a generous grant from Rita Dee (锄鈥漧) and Harold Hassenfeld (锄鈥漧).
